These graphs represent the displacement of European artists, as emphasized by normative art history,∗ in the years 1451 to 1600 (roughly the period of the European Renaissance). From a total of 154 artists, almost half of them were born in Italy, and the others were from other places in Europe, mostly present-day France, Germany, and the Netherlands. It shows the intense geographic concentration of artists in this particular period and their displacement (from place of birth to death). Not represented in this typical account are other movements and their significance: it was at this time and place that modern banking was born, and there was an unprecedented accumulation of wealth. It was the beginning of an economic revolution in Europe that yoked artists to new forms of power and produced what is now normatively recognized as art. In quick succession, there were similar migrations of artists to the Netherlands and Great Britain, following the new wealth generated by colonial plunder and the transformed world it represented.